ABSTRACT
Minimally invasive techniques in the management of lower extremity varicose veins: current SVS and ESVS guidelines and review of evidence
Background: Chronic venous disease (CVD) represents a substantial clinical and socioeconomic burden. Minimally invasive endovenous treatments have replaced surgical stripping as the standard of care. This article evaluates the efficacy, safety, cost-effectiveness, and long-term clinical outcomes of endovenous thermal ablation (EVTA) and non-thermal non-tumescent (nTnT) techniques based on recent literature and the latest guidelines from the Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS, 2022-2024) and the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS, 2022).
Methods: A comprehensive narrative review was conducted of high-quality meta-analyses, 10-year randomized controlled trials (RCTs), health economics models, and clinical practice guidelines up to early 2026.
Results: EVTA continues to be the recommended first-line therapy according to ESVS (Class I, Level A), while SVS guidelines allow both thermal and selected non-thermal modalities (Grade 1B). Ten-year RCT data demonstrate lower clinical recurrence rates for EVLA as compared to surgery (37% vs. 59%, p=0.005), with significant long-term improvements in AVVQ and SF-36 scores. Health economic Markov models (5-year horizon) prove that EVTA is the most cost-effective strategy (£3,161 – £5,799/QALY). Advancements like 1940 nm lasers allow lower energy delivery (LEED ~53 J/cm), thus reducing ecchymosis and pain. While nTnT methods (cyanoacrylate closure [CAC], mechanochemical ablation [MOCA]) eliminate tumescent anesthesia and reduce procedural pain, long-term data reveal higher recurrence in wide veins (>10 mm). Furthermore, CAC presents unique histopathological risks, including delayed type IV hypersensitivity and foreign body giant cell granulomas. The nomenclature of thrombotic complications has evolved to ablation-related thrombus extension (ARTE), which highlights the prothrombotic potential of non-thermal modalities.
Conclusions: Treatment selection must be individualized based on duplex ultrasound mapping. EVTA is strongly recommended for large-diameter truncal incompetence and offers the best long-term cost-effectiveness.
Piśmiennictwo
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